Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 26

Communication - Essay Example Juveniles have unique qualities which influence how the message should be delivered to them, these include: poor communication skills particularly the listening aspect of it. Most members of the group cannot listen to and comprehend court directives about behavior. Some juveniles, especially those in employment should have their employer being part of the solution, especially by enforcing compliance (Mark & Gamez-Rugama, 2015). Other juvenile offenders do not comprehend what is required of them due to insufficient education. As such, using simple language for communication will improve their compliance with the rules of engagement. There are many potential challenges in communicating the message to juveniles, these include: firstly, a negative attitude adopted by juveniles perceiving their neighbors or government agents as too hard-nosed and hell-bent on their destruction to listen to or follow their directives. Secondly, insufficient education and knowledge in juveniles usually complicate their understanding of what is right for them and their subjective thoughts (Haggard, 2014). Lastly, their young brains and weak personality may create unnecessary distractions and or lack of consistency in their responses to questions or issues directed to them, hence their erratic behavior. These weaknesses require constant support to them and monitoring of their moves, which would be costly if not impractical (Haggard, 2014). As Mark and Gamez-Rugama (2015) said, I would revise my approach in the video by adopting simpler, more personalized communication strategies such as mentioning names. I would also: capitalize on the mode of communication which is most effective for each individual, such as using gestures or non-verbal styles for disabled juveniles; use communication techniques which build effective relationships with juveniles so that they can develop a feeling of

Marketing principles Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing principles - Assignment Example The aim of the process had to be under the management of a marketing manager (Drummond & Ensor, 2005). All these definitions are important. Marketing has to be under the management of an individual with appropriate skills to accomplish the missions set. It is a process that ensures the organization meets its objectives in terms of sales of products and services, and it is a process that has to ensure the consumer gets what he or she wants. One common idea is that it is an organizational process meant to increase profits. This could be by making the customers aware of the existence of the product, informing the consumers of its benefits, or even enticing consumers to buy the product. Marketing is a vast field and involves a lot of other organization activities. The manner in which an organization conducts its activities can also be marketing. Through their activities, people will get to know them and appreciate or grade them, hence improving the image of the company. This is indirect marketing (Drummond & Ensor, 2005). ... This information is then disseminated across departments to ensure a specific aim is attained. It is all about an organization making use of the marketing concept as the basis for its marketing plans, therefore, supplying products that suit consumer preferences and tastes (Blythe, 2009). A perfect example is the production of iPhones by Apple and Samsung. These companies conducted thorough market research, found out the consumers’ desires, and used research and development techniques to develop what the consumer wanted: the iPhone with various pleasing features. The companies then made use of promotional activities to inform the consumers about the product (AFP, 2013). Marketing oriented organizations also have to monitor what their competitors do, and the effect of such actions on consumer preferences and tastes. The organization should also analyze the effect of other exogenous factors (Blythe, 2009). Marketing oriented organizations can also be oriented towards marketing fr om a sales, product, production, or marketing perspective. This means that an organization can focus on marketing a specific product, can focus on increasing sales, and can focus on improving its production, or even marketing the whole organization’s products. There are different perspectives that can be taken. In ‘Tip-Top accessories’ for example, the manager can focus on increasing the sales of all the products; hence identify marketing strategies appropriate for such an approach. The manager can also focus on the production approach, conducting market research and supplying products with features needed by the consumers, or the manager can just focus on appropriate marketing strategies for various products depending on the market environment, and the internal conditions

Independent Variable Dependent Variable Marketing Essay

Independent Variable Dependent Variable Marketing Essay The idea of business is an organized strategy to earn money. This idea forced the businesses for taking the important actions to improve not only the product qualities but also its packaging because packaging has a greater impact on purchase decision. It is the initial stage to experience whether this fulfill customers need perfectly as the product looks. Throughout Pakistan a lot of diary can be found together with unique brand names along with top quality such as Nestle, Olpers, Haleeb.Even though dairy products industry is very aggressive however there is positive change connected with packaging for the manufacturer inclination. Packaging attracts the consumers concentration to buy particular brand and increase brand image and influence towards consumers(Rundh,2005).Packaging characteristics can be evaluate in terms of 4 variables i.e. Size,shape,safety,package and ingredients detail attractiveness in context (Silayoi Speece,2004).This research paper evaluate five variable of packaging characteristics i.e. size of package, safety of product, shape of package, display of ingredients on package and package attractiveness. Packaging characteristics shows large influence on the consumer in brand preference. Consumer frequently assumes that if packaging characteristics are viable it shows that brand is of high quality and helps in decision making of consumer (Ampuero, O., Vila, N. 2006) Packaging characteristics creates uniqueness in brand (Silayoi Speece,2004) Packaging plays a vital role buying decision of packaged milk buyers. It is also positively associated with brand loyalty (Subhani, M.I., Osman, A.2011).This research paper finds that how packaging characteristics effects consumer brands preference in case of milk brands. Literature Review Appearance capabilities, pairing colorings, styles, shape, designs, along with announcements involving Foods, offer folks brand associate by way of example inside a departmental retail store many refreshments are usually held within exact same place yet client involving distinct brand can potentially separate his / her selection as a consequence of big difference involving color, dimension along with unambiguous shape (Nancarrow et al., 1998) Product Packaging is usually a application to create excellent partnership between Stores along with Meal Makers due to the fact each perform more tightly to build products designed for latest life styles, based on the latest technology. Some sort of Store, acquiring primary web page link having end users, can easily become very well aware about this belief associated with people. On the other hand manufacturers transform appearance type along with item top quality on the basis of information given by retailers. It has generated a good exploding market interested in able to try to eat foods, a niche through which appearance can be playing an increasingly essential role. (Vidales Giovannetti, 1995) Presently people have grown a lot more informed about the product packaging offered to all of them through products. The part involving product packaging provides modified in recent times given that mainly as a result of changing life-style and desires on the people. Corporations include commenced take enhancements throughout product packaging given that their own philosophy in recent times include modified which beneficial and special product packaging may stimulate client buying behaviors. The item is just about the method to obtain customers interest toward offerings, enhances the image on the manufacturer and enhances the perceptions on the client for your solution (Rundh, 2005) Product packaging attracts a persons vision of the buyers for any unique model. With advertising and marketing situation appearance represents a very crucial part inside speaking the goods towards buyers along with eventually raises consumers purchase options (Rita Kuvykaite, 2009)Â   Statement of the problem To determine the effect of packaging characteristics on consumer brand preference in packaged milk brands. Theoretical framework Packaging characteristics Consumer Brand Preference Independent variable Dependent Variable Operational definition Packaging characterisitics: It is measured on the questions of questionnaire on the following dimensions Size of Package Shape of Package Safety of Product Display of ingredients on Package Package attractiveness Consumer brand preference: It is measured in terms of level of agreement and disagreement to buy a product. Measured on 5 point Likert Scale Research Objectives To find out the effect of Packaging Characteristics on Consumer Brand Preference of packaged milk brands in Pakistan .checking the relation of Consumer Brand Preference with the following characteristics of packaging Size of Package Shape of Package Safety of Product Package Attractiveness Hypothesis H1: packaging characteristics are positively associated with consumer brand preference of package milk H1a: size of package is positively associated with consumer brand preference of packaged milk H1b: shape is positively associated with effects consumer brand preference of packaged milk H1c: safety of packaging is positively associated with consumer brand preference of packaged milk H1d: Package attractiveness is positively associated with consumer brand preference of packaged milk H1e: Display of ingredients is positively associated with consumer brand preference of packaged milk Research design The research design for this study will be quantitative research strategy during which questionnaires are going to be undertaken when data will be collected. The questionnaires will be self administered and the respondents will be the buyers at general stores. Population and sample Population will be the buyers at the general stores in saddar, hayatabad and town of Peshawar. And for sampling about 300 questionnaires will be distributed through simple random sampling in different grocery stores at saddar, hayatabad and town of Peshawar. Instruments In this research paper questionnaire is packaging characteristics based secondly it is based on comparison of different brands of diary product that how packaging effect the consumer purchase decision and thirdly it is based on the agreement and disagreement level of consumer brand selection with respect to the characteristics of packaging .Questionnaire will be closed ended and the answers will be recorded in the Likert five point scales. Data Collection In this research data will be collected through questionnaire for analysis. The data will be collected through personal survey at different stores of sadder, hayatabad and town of Peshawar by filling the questionnaire. Data Analysis In this research paper data will be analyze by using Pearson Correlation to find the relation between packaging characteristics and consumer brand preference and for the interpretation of the data SPSS 16 will used.

Pros and Cons of Becoming a Cyborg: Trading Flesh for Metal :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Pros and Cons of Becoming a Cyborg: Trading Flesh for Metal Since the beginning of time, man has attempted to avoid the inevitable. In his endless pursuit of perfection, man has tried to dodge the grim reaper. Death is certain; life is not. Yet through technological interventions, man is attempting to be godlike and live eternally. Through these same interventions, man is becoming transformed into a cyborg. Currently, the technology has not arrived so that a man will be able to have more metal in his body than he would have flesh. But if one could be a cyborg , if one could live longer, jump higher, store more info, and become more efficient would they? Would one become a cyborg if it meant no more pain, no more suffering, but in exchange would require thousands of dollars worth of hardware and hundreds of hours’ worth of surgery. Today I will explore some of the pros and cons of becoming a cyborg. I will also explore how people today like Stelarc have already taken steps and modified their own bodies to become cyborgs. I wi ll also define some of the ethical and morals issues supporting and criticizing the transformation from flesh to metal, with the end result becoming a cyborg. First of all, one must define what a cyborg is, and also clearly define what a cyborg consist of. A cyborg is a combination of man and technology. Robocop, The Terminator, Spock are all clear examples of what a cyborg is. A cyborg is a combination of human life and artificial intelligence. What about the elderly, would they be considered cyborgs? Yes, with pacemakers surgically installed within their bodies, the elderly, according to the definition, are considered to be cyborgs. So then, what the hell is a cyborg? One may believe the best place to locate a definition is the Webster’s New World Dictionary; it defines cyborgs as â€Å"a hypothetical human being modified for life in a hostile or alien environment by the substitution of artificial organs and other body parts. Using the basic definition will not be enough, it is too broad. One cannot really determine what a cyborg is and what a cyborg is not. For instance, suppose if people followed this definition that would mean that anyone wearing a watch, contacts, glasses, or using headphones would be considered a cyborg.

Langston Hughes Essay

Langston Hughes had become one of the most resounding names in American Literature. Of course, the primary reason for his success would be his adept use of words and the message he wants to convey. However, his racial profile could have also come into play in his popularity. But no one could deny the talent of Hughes in his work. His works display intricate design and a significant message such as on â€Å"Salvation. † Langston Hughes had become one of the best known writers because the messages that he wants to convey are of great value to the society, particularly the value of being proud of one’s race. He was born into a relatively large family wherein he had eight siblings. His parents had separated and he had to be taken in by his grandmother. Unfortunately, his grandmother died and again he had to be taken in by family friends. This unstable custody of Langston Hughes could direct us to the assumption that he did not live a happy childhood. Although, it could also lead us to the assumption that his unstable childhood had profoundly influenced him to be writer later in life. At a very young age, Langston Hughes was seemingly being trained unknowingly by the people around. As a child, he used to listen to the black American oral tradition of storytelling. His young mind was inculcated with the value of race to an individual. As the young Langston Hughes develops consciousness about the things that are happening around him, he is introduced to the bitter realities of life. During Hughes’ time, racism is a prevalent problem of the society. This aspect of his biography is one of the most likely reason why Langston Hughes had become a writer. His passion to fight racism is one of the main driving force of his writings. His first poem was titled â€Å"Crisis†, which was published in 1921. The concept of salvation had captivated the mind of Langston Hughes. And in relation to his writing, he may have wanted to convey how people like him, who experiences racism, experience real salvation. His works seemingly suggests that salvation could be found from within one’s self. His messages for the young people are seemingly a call for being saved from the oppression set against them by the society. If Langston Hughes did not become a writer, it is likely that he would have become a full time activist against racial discrimination. His concern for the society, especially for Black Americans is something that even he could not dismiss easily. One of his best known work is on the poem â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers. † From the title alone, the readers are already hinted that this poem would be about race, as hinted by the term â€Å"Negro. Although there could be multiple readings about the poem, the point is that it is a beautiful poem. Hughes may have wanted to tell the world that Black Americans are just as good as any race in terms of poetry. The poem is like Hughes’ statement that dares racists to say to question if Black Americans could write beautiful poems. All in all, Langston Hughes had become of the best known writers because he had become the voice for the underrepresented black community. In many respects, he had introduced the black community to the world.

Perception and Decision-Making: Dave Armstrong

Throne, ND develop a rail terminal and use it to ship truck trailers into and out of Texas. This will connect Dallas and Houston and potentially draw business from both cities. This business requires $1 million. Armstrong would put $200-KICK and Throne would put the rest of the money. Armstrong would be paid a salary and bonuses of SYS-ASK and share profits with Throne. This option is the most exciting for Armstrong as is has the potential to be the most rewarding but also has the highest risk.Although Armstrong is sighting the fact that the business might not work at all and he can loss the money invested, he would show overconfidence choosing this job option, and a selective perception, by not considering his past relationship with Throne to asses the outcome of this future business. Armstrong worked for Throne in the past and the company they worked in turned to be unsuccessful. This would also be an impulsive decision by Armstrong, as he would be spending all of his savings witho ut having a backup if the business fails.At the same mime, this might be the best choice for Armstrong, as it is the position he is the most excited about, and might turn out to self fulfill itself as Armstrong shows his belief and enthusiasm. The second job option is to work with Robert Irwin, a person Armstrong had the chance to work with in his current job. Irwin and Armstrong would set up a company that would seek out producing oil leases that might be for sale. Armstrong will put KICK for the investment. He will get a yearly compensation of $ASK or one third of the profits.

Assigning Oxidation States Example Problem

Assigning Oxidation States Example Problem The oxidation state of an atom in a molecule refers to the degree of oxidation of that atom. Oxidation states are assigned to atoms by a set of rules based on the arrangement of electrons and bonds around that atom. This means each atom in the molecule has its own oxidation state which could be different from similar atoms in the same molecule.These examples will use the rules outlined in Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers. Key Takeaways: Assigning Oxidation States An oxidation number refer to the quantity of electrons that may be gained or lost by an atom. An atom of an element may be capable of multiple oxidation numbers.The oxidation state is the positive or negative number of an atom in a compound, which may be found by comparing the numbers of electrons shared by the cation and anion in the compound needed to balance each others charge.The cation has a positive oxidation state, while the anion has a negative oxidation state. The cation is listed first in a formula or compound name. Problem: Assign oxidation states to each atom in H2OAccording to rule 5, oxygen atoms typically have an oxidation state of -2.According to rule 4, hydrogen atoms have an oxidation state of 1.We can check this using rule 9 where the sum of all oxidation states in a neutral molecule is equal to zero.(2 x 1) (2 H) -2 (O) 0 TrueThe oxidation states check out.Answer: The hydrogen atoms have an oxidation state of 1 and the oxygen atom has an oxidation state of -2.Problem: Assign oxidation states to each atom in CaF2.Calcium is a Group 2 metal. Group IIA metals have an oxidation of 2.Fluorine is a halogen or Group VIIA element and has a higher electronegativity than calcium. According to rule 8, fluorine will have an oxidation of -1.Check our values using rule 9 since CaF2 is a neutral molecule:2 (Ca) (2 x -1) (2 F) 0 True.Answer: The calcium atom has an oxidation state of 2 and the fluorine atoms have an oxidation state of -1.Problem: Assign oxidation states to the atoms in hypochlorou s acid or HOCl. Hydrogen has an oxidation state of 1 according to rule 4.Oxygen has an oxidation state of -2 according to rule 5.Chlorine is a Group VIIA halogen and usually has an oxidation state of -1. In this case, the chlorine atom is bonded to the oxygen atom. Oxygen is more electronegative than chlorine making it the exception to rule 8. In this case, chlorine has an oxidation state of 1.Check the answer:1 (H) -2 (O) 1 (Cl) 0 TrueAnswer: Hydrogen and chlorine have 1 oxidation state and oxygen has -2 oxidation state.Problem: Find the oxidation state of a carbon atom in C2H6. According to rule 9, the sum total oxidation states add up to zero for C2H6.2 x C 6 x H 0Carbon is more electronegative than hydrogen. According to rule 4, hydrogen will have a 1 oxidation state.2 x C 6 x 1 02 x C -6C -3Answer: Carbon has a -3 oxidation state in C2H6.Problem: What is the oxidation state of the manganese atom in KMnO4?According to rule 9, the sum total of oxidation states of a neutral molecule equal zero. K Mn (4 x O) 0Oxygen is the most electronegative atom in this molecule. This means, by rule 5, oxygen has an oxidation state of -2.Potassium is a Group IA metal and has an oxidation state of 1 according to rule 6.1 Mn (4 x -2) 01 Mn -8 0Mn -7 0Mn 7Answer: Manganese has an oxidation state of 7 in the KMnO4 molecule.Problem: What is the oxidation state of the sulfur atom in the sulfate ion - SO42-.Oxygen is more electronegative than sulfur, so the oxidation state of oxygen is -2 by rule 5.SO42- is an ion, so by rule 10, the sum of the oxidation numbers of the ion is equal to the charge of the ion. In this case, the charge is equal to -2.S (4 x O) -2S (4 x -2) -2S -8 -2S 6Answer: The sulfur atom has an oxidation state of 6.Problem: What is the oxidation state of the sulfur atom in the sulfite ion - SO32-?Just like the previous example, oxygen has an oxidation state of -2 and the total oxidation of the ion is -2. The only difference is the one less oxygen. S (3 x O) -2S (3 x -2) -2S -6 -2S 4Answer: Sulfur in the sulfite ion has an oxidation state of 4.

Buddhism Believers Practice Meditation

Buddhism Believers Practice Meditation There are a number of things that happen in the lives of humans, which are beyond one’s control. For example, no one can control the fortunes and misfortunes that normally occur in human life.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Buddhism Believer’s Practice: Meditation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, it is the responsibility of every individual to take charge of his/her own state of mind and control what it thinks about at any particular time. Buddhism asserts that taking control of one’s state of mind is the most important thing that people can do. In Buddhism, this aspect is called meditation.1 The practice of meditation in Buddhism enables the believers to take control of things, such as fear, anxiety, hatred, confusion, and sorrow, which can make them commit sin.2 By reviewing a number of books, I intend to prove in this paper that the practice of meditation is the main driving force behind Buddhism. Meditation in Buddhism simply refers to practices that its believers use to make their minds think positively. The practice of meditation involves skills that develop and encourage concentration, positive thinking, and clarity regarding living and non-living things.3 When Buddhists engage in the practice of meditation, they get to understand the habits and behaviors of their minds. As a result, they are able to transform themselves into positive and understanding human beings. Buddhists strongly believe that meditation offers a transformative effect that brings about a new a way of understanding life.4 Every believer is required to learn the concepts of meditation in order to strengthen their faith in the religion. The practice of meditation is normally taught through the Triratna Buddhist Community. The basic practices in meditation are taught according to the original teachings of the historical Buddha.5Advertising Looking for proposal on religion t heology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The practices of meditation are considered effective if they are aimed at achieving calmness and emotional positivity among the believers of the religion. The practices are supposed to be taught by members of the Triratna Buddhist Order at Triratna Centers. These members are highly skilled meditators and the students who learn how to meditate need to have an interest in Buddhism.6 Buddhist meditation is majorly divided into two categories: insight and tranquility meditations. The two categories of Buddhist meditations are combined and used at the same time.7 However, in some cases, the two meditations are used one after the other. In cases where the two are used separately, tranquility is used first, followed by the insight meditation. The two categories of meditation are normally used simultaneously to enable the believers to obtain maximum results.8 Insight meditation, which is also known as vippasana, uses a number of skills taught in Buddhism to enhance the believer’s faith. Insight mediation literally includes the skills taught in tranquility meditation and other areas of the religion. Insight meditation helps Buddhist believers to practice absolute and important truths. It is said that Buddhist believers who practice insight meditation have the hopes of appreciating the truths of suffering and impermanence.9 The practice of insight meditation is majorly based on the concept of mindfulness. Mindfulness is an improved state of concentration in which the mind is given a chance to take control of the entire system of human beings. When a person is mindful of something, he carefully thinks and observes it.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Buddhism Believer’s Practice: Meditation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Buddhist believers, through insight meditation, not only focus on wh at happens to and around them, but also try to understand how these things come to happen the way they do.10 The believers of Buddhism can only see the fruits of the insight meditation if they identify and understand the important truths taught in the religion. The believers are supposed to practice what the Buddhist doctrines say in everything they do. The main part of Buddhist doctrines and practices, which is also provided for in insight meditation, is liberation. This implies that a Buddhist believer who practices insight meditation exclusively practices all the doctrines of the religion.11 The second type of meditation, tranquility, is based on the concept of concentration. Tranquility meditation is used to immobilize the minds of the believers and guide them to concentrate on major things that affect their lives. This type of meditation is intended to achieve its goals by using tools or virtues like loving-kindness and the recollection in Buddha’s sayings.12 Tranquility meditation assists Buddhist believers to achieve a number of goals in life. Firstly, the believers are assisted to detach themselves from the external world to enable them to develop the need for happiness.Advertising Looking for proposal on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Secondly, the believers use this meditation to acquire a state of exclusive equanimity and self-fulfillment. Lastly, tranquility meditation enables the believers to improve their concentration and reasoning with regard to what happens to them.13 In conclusion, this proposal intends to analyze the concept of meditation among Buddhist believers. The paper uses a number of books to illustrate the importance of meditation in Buddhism. The practice of meditation in Buddhism is primarily divided into two categories: insight and tranquility. The two types of meditation are based on, among other things, liberation, which is the main doctrine of Buddhism. Consequently, the paper shows that mediation is the core of the practices that all Buddhists undertake in their lives. Bibliography Gerner, Katy. Buddhism. Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, 2008.This book contains the main concepts of Buddhism. It is going to help me illustrate Buddhism as one of the major religions in the world . Ingram, Daniel M. Mastering the Core Teaching of the Buddha: An Unusually Hardcore Dharma Book. London: Aeon Books, 2008.This book contains aspects of meditation in Buddhism. It will assist me to explain how meditation forms the core of the Buddhism religion. Kuan, Tse-fu. Mindfulness in Early Buddhism: New Approaches Through Psychology and Textual Analysis of Pali, Chinese and Sanskirt Sources. New York, NY: Routledeg, 2008.This book contains the kinds of meditations used in Buddhism. It is going to be helpful in defining insight meditation and how it is applicable to the religion. Morgan, Diane. Essential Buddhism: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2010.This book talks about the main practices undertaken by Buddhist believers. It will help me to show why tranquility meditation is regarded as a core practice in Buddhism. Segall, Seth Robert. Encountering Buddhism: Western Psychology and Buddhist Teachings. Albany, NY: State University of Ne w York Press, 2003.This book talks about the beliefs of Buddhists. It is helpful in explaining the impact of insight meditation on Buddhist believers. Shaw, Sarah. Buddhist Meditation: An Anthology of Texts from the Pali Canon. New York, NY: Routledge, 2006.This book sheds light on the applications of meditation in Buddhism. It will help me to explain the effects of insight meditation on Buddhist believers. Silva, Padmasiri. An Introduction to Buddhist Psychology. Lanham, MD: Rowman Littlefield, 2000.This book explains practices and beliefs found in Buddhism. It is important in explaining the impact of tranquility meditation on Buddhism. Teece, Geoff. Buddhism. Mankato, MN: Smart Apple Media, 2005.This book illustrates the main practices of Buddhism. It is beneficial in explaining Buddhism as a religion. Waynne, Alexander. The Origin of Buddhist Meditation. New Yok, NY: Routledge, 2007.This book explains the characteristics and origin of Buddhism as a religion. It will help me to e xplain the origin of the meditation practice in Buddhism. Wood, Cavan. Buddhism. Oxford, Heinemann Educational, 2002.This book explains Buddhism as a special type of religion. It will help me to explain meditation as a special concept in Buddhism. Footnotes 1 Geoff Teece, Buddhism (Mankato, MN: Smart Apple Media, 2005), 8. 2 Geoff, 14. 3 Katty Gerner, Buddhism (Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, 2008), 6-8. 4 Katty, 10 5 Cavan Wood, Buddhism (Oxford, Heinemann Educational, 2002), 7. 6 Cavan, 9. 7 Sarah, Shaw, Buddhist Meditation: An Anthology of Texts from the Pali Canon (New York, NY: Routledge, 2006), 8-14. 8 Alexander Waynne, The Origin of Buddhist Meditation (New Yok, NY: Routledge, 2007), 96-100. 9 Seth Robert Segall, Encountering Buddhism: Western Psychology and Buddhist Teachings (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2003), 65-71. 10 Daniel M. Ingram, Mastering the Core Teaching of the Buddha: An Unusually Hardcore Dharma Book (London: Aeon Books, 2008), 57-60. 11Tse-fu Kuan, Mindfulness in Early Buddhism: New Approaches Through Psychology and Textual Analysis of Pali, Chinese and Sanskirt Sources (New York, NY: Routledeg, 2008), 59-63. 12Diane Morgan, Essential Buddhism: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice (Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2010), 124-128). 13 Padmasiri Silva, An Introduction to Buddhist Psychology (Lanham, MD: Rowman Littlefield, 2000), 129-133.

Verificar estatus de caso migratorio con el USCIS

Verificar estatus de caso migratorio con el USCIS Verificar el estatus del caso de inmigracià ³n en Estados Unidos es un derecho de todas las personas con un caso ante el Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). En ocasiones la demora puede ser tan grande que uno acaba preguntndose si es que algo va mal o comienza a tener nervios imaginando lo peor y que su caso no va a ser aprobado. Lo cierto es que casi siempre lo que sucede es que las demoras son muy grandes, particularmente para cierto tipo de trmites. Por ello, en este artà ­culo se explica cà ³mo se puede conocer quà © est pasando con la solicitud migratoria por medio de Internet, por telà ©fono o en persona. Adems, hacia el final del artà ­culo hay un enlace para averiguar los tiempos promedio que se estn tardando para tramitar peticiones de familia, naturalizaciones, casos en corte e incluso peticiones de visas no inmigrantes.   Opciones para verificar estatus migratorio con USCIS Internet: Por medio de la pgina oficial USICS https:egov.uscis.gov/casestatus. Se necesita el nà ºmero de identificacià ³n del caso, el cual consta de 13 caracteres (3 letras seguidas por 10 nà ºmeros).Por telà ©fono: 1-800-375-5283. Las personas con problemas de audicià ³n pueden marcar al 1-800-767-1833.En persona: Puede presentarse en cualquier oficina migratoria (solo migrantes con estatus legal). Utilice el sistema InfoPass para concertar una cita previamente.  ¿Cà ³mo verificar el estatus del caso con el USCIS? La pgina de Internet del Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) ofrece un servicio en inglà ©s y en espaà ±ol para revisar cà ³mo se va procesando el caso migratorio de cada inmigrante. Debe introducirse en la casilla apropiada el nà ºmero de recibo del caso que se quiere verificar y est compuesto por 13 caracteres. Esto es, tres letras seguido por diez nà ºmeros. Las letras pueden ser cualquiera de las siguientes: EAC, WAC, LIN, SRC. Es muy importante que al introducir no se escriba ningà ºn sà ­mbolo de guion (-). Sin embargo, si el nà ºmero incluye otros sà ­mbolos, como por ejemplo asteriscos (*), sà ­ deben incluirse. El nà ºmero que pide la pgina del USCIS es el que corresponde a un determinado caso migratorio. Se encuentra en el recibo de confirmacià ³n que envà ­a a cada inmigrante que realiza una peticià ³n o solicitud antes las autoridades migratorias. En el caso de peticiones de tarjeta de residencia para un familiar o de visa de prometido (novio o fiancà ©), ese nà ºmero est en el documento conocido como NOA1. Despuà ©s de introducir el nà ºmero de recibo, presionar la tecla de verifique estatus. Se abrir una pantalla en la que se pueden comprobar los pasos por los que ya ha pasado la solicitud del inmigrante y cules estn todavà ­a pendientes.  ¿Cà ³mo recibir actualizaciones de estatus de caso electrà ³nico? Cada inmigrante que tiene un caso pendiente con el USCIS puede solicitar que se le mantenga al dà ­a sobre cà ³mo se va procesando su solicitud mediante correo electrà ³nico. Para este caso es preciso crear previamente una cuenta en la pgina del Servicio de Inmigracià ³n presionando en inscribirse como cliente solicitante. A continuacià ³n, debe aceptar los tà ©rminos y condiciones de uso de este servicio y ya se puede darse de alta en este servicio. Informacià ³n electrà ³nica para planillas N-400 e I-90 Solo para los casos de los formularios N-400, para solicitar la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense por naturalizacià ³n, o I-90, la solicitud para reemplazar la tarjeta de residente permanente o green card, es posible verificar el estatus del caso mediante el denominado e-request. Para poder utilizar este servicio es necesario que ya haya transcurrido el tiempo normal de procesamiento de estos documentos y no se tenga respuesta. Por ejemplo, en la actualidad para el N-400 est entre 12 y 20 meses, variando enormemente segà ºn la oficina encargada para su procesamiento. Por otro lado, para el I-90, de 4 meses a 10 meses y medio. Si pasado este tiempo no tiene noticias, puede plantear su pregunta. Si sigue sin obtener respuesta, debe dejar pasar 30 dà ­as antes de volver a pedir una explicacià ³n. Solicitud de informacià ³n sobre el estatus del caso en persona Los inmigrantes con estatus migratorio legal pueden verificar el estatus del caso presentndose en las oficinas del USCIS y, tras esperar en fila a que llegue su turno, preguntar por su caso. O tambià ©n es posible concertar una cita para un dà ­a y una hora en concreto mediante el servicio InfoPass. Es muy importante que los migrantes indocumentados no se presenten voluntariamente en persona en las oficinas del USCIS ya que pueden ser detenidos. Sin embargo, en los casos en los que han sido previamente citados sà ­ deben presentarse, pero es altamente recomendable que vayan acompaà ±ados de abogados migratorios. Solicitud por telà ©fono de informacià ³n sobre estatus de caso Los migrantes tambià ©n pueden comunicarse con el Servicio de Inmigracià ³n por telà ©fono, marcando al 1-800-375-5283 o al 1-800-767-1833, si se sufre de algà ºn problema de audicià ³n. Se brinda servicio en inglà ©s y en espaà ±ol. Se puede llamar a cualquier otra para recibir informacià ³n automatizada, es decir, ofrecida por una computadora. Para hablar con una persona es preciso realizar la llamada en horas de oficina (8am a 6 pm) de lunes a viernes, si el inmigrante se encuentra en cualquiera de los estados de EUA excepto Hawaii (8am-4pm) o Alaska (8am-5pm). Recuerde tener a mano toda la informacià ³n necesaria, como el nà ºmero de caso, el Alien Registration Number, si se tiene, el pasaporte o cualquier otro documento que contenga informacià ³n importante sobre su situacià ³n de inmigracià ³n en USA. Verificar estatus de caso con el CENTRO NACIONAL DE VISAS Despuà ©s de que el USCIS apruebe una peticià ³n de visa no inmigrante, si la tramitacià ³n debe seguir un procesamiento consular (cuando la persona pedida est fuera de EEUU o, si est aquà ­, no puede ajustar su estatus) la solicitud pasa al Centro Nacional de Visas (NVC, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Y aquà ­ se va a recibir un nuevo nà ºmero de caso, que es el que se debe utilizar para comunicarse con el NVC. Es muy importante entender, adems, que en los siguientes casos la tramitacià ³n va a quedar dormida por un tiempo: peticià ³n de ciudadano de green card para hijos casados, hijos solteros mayores de 21 aà ±os y hermanospeticià ³n de residentes para cà ³nyuges e hijos solteros (menores y mayores de 21 aà ±os)peticiones de green card patrocinadas por empleador Esto se debe a que es necesario que haya tarjetas de residencia disponibles para la categorà ­a por la que se aplica. Asà ­, es posible obtener la aprobacià ³n en unos meses pero tener que esperar incluso aà ±os por la green card. Una vez que hay nà ºmero de visa disponible, comienza la fase final de la tramitacià ³n. La disponibilidad de tarjetas de residencia o determinadas categorà ­as de visas se puede verificar en el à ºltimo boletà ­n de visas  del Departamento de Estado, para ello hay que tener a mano la fecha de prioridad que aparece en la carta que se conoce como NOA2, y que envià ³ el USCIS. Por el contrario, las peticiones de ciudadano para cà ³nyuge, hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os y padres no tienen que esperar, por lo que una vez que lleguen al NVC se proceder a su tramitacià ³n sin demora. Tiempos de demora en tramitacià ³n y quà © hacer con retrasos. Es posible informarse de cunto aproximadamente se estn demorando los casos similares ante el USCIS dependiendo de la oficina de tramitacià ³n, visas no inmigrantes, migrantes, NVC e incluso en  Corte etc. Adems, en casos de demoras ms all de lo habitual para el mismo tipo de casos, se puede demandar mediante lo que se conoce como un writ of mandamus. Para ellos, consultar antes con un abogado. De interà ©s para obtener confiable informacià ³n para resolver inquietudes Para obtener ms informacià ³n sobre telà ©fonos o pginas webs en los que acudir para encontrar informacià ³n oficial, denunciar fraudes migratorios o encontrar asesorà ­a legal a buen precio y reputada se puede consultar esta lista importante de recursos para migrantes. Este es un artà ­culo meramente informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Sam's Liability for SamCom Ltd's Obligations Essay

Sam's Liability for SamCom Ltd's Obligations - Essay Example Promoters also have a fiduciary duty to the shareholders, as he stands in the same position as a company director. As such, Sam cannot make a secret profit and he must have full disclosure with any transaction that he takes while he is the promoter of the company. He also cannot serve himself at the expense of the shareholders (Erlanger v New Sombrero Phosphate Co (1878) 3 App Cas 1218). The facts state that the business that became SamCom Ltd was valued at ?50,000, yet the business was sold to SamCom Ltd for ?90,000. This might be a breach of Sam’s fiduciary duty to his shareholders (Cahn & McDonald, 2010), if he did not disclose that his company was worth substantially less than what SamCom Ltd. paid for it. The solicitor who Sam hired to take the necessary steps for incorporation, however, is not considered a promoter, as Re Great Wheal Polgooth Co. Ltd. (1883) 53 LJ Ch 42 established that persons who are acting as a professional capacity at the behest of the promoter, such as solicitors, do not become promoters. As for the contract to buy the silicon chips for ?5,000, this is a pre-incorporation contract, and the company would not be bound on this contract. This was established in the case of Kelner v Baxter (1866) LR 2 CP 174, which established that pre-incorporation contracts do not bind the company. ... was incorporated, so the company would not be bound by this contract. Separate Personality of the Company and Lifting the Veil On the facts, it may be assumed that this is a closely held corporation. This does not, however, negate the separate legal personality of SamCom Ltd. According to established English law, a corporation is a separate legal personality who has the ability to sue and be sued and hold debts in its name (Wild & Weinstein, 2011). Moreover, the fact that only one person is a corporation does not defeat the separate legal personality of the corporation. This was established in the seminal case of Salomon v. Salomon & Co. [1897] AC 22. In this case, Salomon made leather boots, and he was basically the sole bona fide shareholder of his company. The company went into liquidation, and the creditors attempted to make Salomon personally liable for the company's debts. The Salomon court held that, as long as a company is a legal entity, then the business, and the debts, bel ongs to the company, not to the shareholder(s). In this case, the lower courts had attempted to say that Salomon himself was liable, because he was the only interested shareholder – the other shareholders were his family members, and they were disinterested. The House of Lords held, however, that this does not defeat the claim of corporate personality. Therefore, this case may be applied to the facts, in that SamCom Ltd. is a closely held corporation, but, as per Salomon, the corporation would still have a separate legal personality and Salomon further demonstrated that corporations, because they are separate legal entities, will be liable for the debts incurred by

Women in Combat Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Women in Combat - Essay Example Since that time female militaries has not provided a single occasion to question reasonability of their involvement in this field. First women enlisted in the military during World War I. Apparently, female soldiers proved their fighting efficiency: in World War II four hundred thousand military women served in the Army, Marine Corps, Coast Guard, Navy, and Air force both in Europe and other states. Since that time female soldiers were took part in each military action conducted by the United States. In the beginning of 1990's women's roles in the Army once more became a subject for discussion. The intense interest to female soldiers was a result of their high-level performance during "Desert Storm" operation in Kuwait. Women's qualified work was highly commended by the Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney: "They did a bang up job.... They were every bit as professional as their male colleagues"2. The Secretary also forecasted further growth of women's role in combat actions as well as the growth in quantity of female soldiers. The war at the Persian Gulf is up to date one of the most successful military operations in the history of the United States, and women's role in that success was very substantial. The total number of women deployed for the war exceeded 41 thousand: female soldiers composed 7 percent of the U.S. Armed Forces involved into the conflict in the Persian Gulf: 26,000 Army, 3,700 Navy, 2,200 Marine, and 5,300 Air Force3. They served as aircraft pilots and were involved into carrying troops, food and equipment supplies; they successfully conducted reconnaissance missions; served as nurses on hospital ships and composed mobile medical units; they served on planes and helicopters. Women militaries directed artillery, drove trucks, served at prisoner-of-war facilities and in port security units. They played important role in military police units and served as perimeter guards at the same time accomplishing a lot of other tasks in communication, intelligence service, and administrative work. At the first glance it seems that all these services listed above do not necessarily presuppose engagement into combat. However, the war at the Persian Gulf was specific due to absence of a line between the actual fighting and non-combat missions. Therefore even units that were not supposed to participate in the combat directly were from time to time engaged into casual fights. As Major General Jeanne M. Holm, USAF (Ret.) remembers, "In the Gulf War there were no fixed positions or clear lines in the sand - Iraqi long-range artillery and especially the surface-to-surface missiles were unisex weapons that did not distinguish between combat and support troops"4. As a result five female soldiers were killed during the war and two were captured by Iraqi troops as prisoners of war. As a result, the Congress repealed the law prohibiting women from performing combat aircraft assignments. Simultaneously a Presidential Commission was established that investigated issues concerning the assignment of women in the US Armed Forces, namely pros and contras of allowing female soldiers obtaining several additional positions in the Army5. After the end of the Gulf War the number of

French System and the Modern Diplomacy Term Paper

French System and the Modern Diplomacy - Term Paper Example This paper will highlight the characteristics of the French system beginning with the Napoleon era and elaborate how modern diplomacy developed. This paper will highlight the Machiavellian concept of diplomacy, its application in the French system and the 21st century diplomacy. In addition, the paper will discuss the differences between the French diplomacy and the 21st century diplomacy. Machiavelli was the first in history to indulge in negotiations that led to agreements between his republic and other regions. His later works on how different powers could extend their influence to other regions and territories are the basis of the diplomacy adopted in the Renaissance Period. This system passed down to the states of Italy and France. History reveals that there was a form of embassy existing in France in the early 1535 (Berridge 105). The embassy was a representation of the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. During that time, France was under the rule of a Christian king. Later, the def inition of the embassy changed, as nations adopted new definitions of diplomacy. With time, the embassies became immune residential areas. Immunity implied that the representatives were not subject to the laws of the regions they were residing. During this time, there was a continuity system. In addition, there was intense secrecy in the diplomacy. The proceedings and activities of the embassy remained hidden. In the majority of the negotiations, the people remained in the dark concerning any proceedings. The people could neither learn about the outcomes of any ongoing negotiations nor understand the proceedings. Secrecy involved keeping some or all the details under cover (Berridge 106). Secrecy was a crucial aspect because in any form of negotiations compromise was compulsory. The two parties on the negotiation table had to incur losses. Each side formulated its set of demands before the negotiation. For the other party to grant these demands, the party had to pay a price. If the information concerning the negotiations reached the people or other government agents, they could hinder paying of the price. Handling these matters in discretion and secrecy proved to be the only viable tactics (Berridge 107). The French diplomacy system of the early times was very ceremonial. The ambassadors, who acted as formal representatives of the highest power, had great responsibility in the negotiation process. The procedure carried its effects from the renaissance period. The influence of the French diplomacy from the Renaissance Era made it unique. Complicated ceremonies became part of the negotiation protocol as binding factors of the agreements. Having a guiding protocol in place ensured that each meeting of the parties focused on the agendas rather than on debating about the effective procedures. The protocol usually highlighted the sitting arrangements of both parties and elaborated other necessities such as the guidelines of signatures (Berridge 108). Earlier in 1504 , the Pope had laid out a precedence scheme. However, in 1815 the Vienna Congress made it invalid and set out a new order. The new scheme involved taking ranks in accordance to the time of the persons’ formal notifications and period of service at the capital. Other authors highlight that the French emphasized the value of honesty in all negotiation fronts. They believed that diplomacy based on deceit and trickery could not achieve its purpose of reconciling two parties with a fair

Individual case study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Individual case study - Research Paper Example On ethical issues, Nike was faced with the challenge of providing the required wage for its workers. Although the company provided jobs for the locals of contractor countries, the pay was less, and this was unethical. In Vietnam worker were being paid about $1.6 per day, a pay that was way below their daily wage of $3 a day. In addition, workers were not given protective wear during work within Vietnam and other countries working on behalf of the company. For instance, it was confirmed that those working in areas with dangerous chemicals were not wearing glove and those in areas with poisonous gases were not given masks as is required by safety procedures. In amidst of all these, the company was reporting large profits and various organizations felt that the company was exploiting people and especially underage workers (Carroll, 2009). Nike experiences a challenge in developing a strict monitoring system to use in its contactor countries. This would ensure that issues like the amount of wages paid to workers and even working conditions are improved. In addition to this, such a system would ensure that workers are given protective wear and paid acceptable wages. The other challenge is the difficulties in establishing and hiring a competent body that would ensure proper and accurate accounting records. This has resulted to poor payment terms of those employed to work for the company and improper records. In addition to this, company has difficulties in determining the countries in which it would establish its branches. This is because of the legal requirements required by the countries in which it plans to establish its other companies. The host government in various countries played crucial roles in the establishment of contractors. For instance, host countries were involved in licensing Nike to carry out its manufacturing activities on their land. In addition to

Contracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Contracts - Essay Example Minors or persons with unsound mind lack the capacity to contract. Upon acceptance of the offer, the offeree must provide a specific compensation for the promise fulfilled, often referred to as a consideration. Additionally, agreements only amount to contracts when formed with a legal purpose and with the intent to create a legal obligation between the parties involved. For this reason agreements between family members, with the exception of commercial agreements do not create a valid contracts. Certainty of the subject matter is another essential requirement of a valid contract since contracts cannot be based on ambiguity or unclear subject matter. Finally, agreements forming contracts must be mutual, coercion or undue influence invalidates a contract. The parole evidence rule holds that when the contracting parties agree to record their content of their agreement in writing, they often intend that whatever is written down to be the only reliable source of reference to the agreement, which supersedes any other terms and conditions agreed to during the bargain but not written. The basis of the parole evidence rule is that what is reflected in writing should be taken as a true representation of the terms of the contract. The parole evidence rule bars any parole evidence presented in addition to the written evidence. Assignment of rights in contract refers to a situation where the beneficiary to a contractual agreement willfully relinquishes all the rights to receive the aforesaid benefits to a third party, not initially considered in the contractual agreement. For example, if J agrees to sell his house to W for $3000, and then J transfers his right under the contract to pay the $ 3000 to X, X becomes the assignee and the legal beneficiary to the contract. This does not however, give X authority to execute the terms of the contract. In this case, J will only have delegated his duty to receive the consideration of $ 3000 to

Syriana Film assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Syriana Film - Assignment Example differing viewpoints to underline the main themes of the film, namely; international corruption, cartels and the issue of corporate social responsibility. Gaghan described his inspiration for the film beginning with his work on Traffic3, where he felt that America’s dependency on foreign oil had distinct similarities with drug addiction. Indeed, a fundamental issue reiterated in Syriana is how the role of oil is central to US policy towards the Middle East and the US position within the contemporary framework of international relations. In turn, the relationship between Matt Damon’s character Bryan Woodman and Prince Nasir also presents a different insight into Middle Eastern politics through Prince Nasir’s frustration at American control in the area and his desire to undertake national reform and develop the economy for sustainability in the long term. Additionally, the increasing work of Bryan Woodman’s character with the Prince comes at the sacrifice of his marriage due to the death of Bryan’s son. Bryan’s payment of $175 million from the Prince and role as economic advisor causes his wife to accuse him of exploiting his son’s death for commercial gain. To this end, the death of Bryan’s son and sacrifice of his marriage is arguably symbolic of the central theme of Syriana regarding the interrelationship between oil, globalisation and the balance of power in international relations. For example, it is submitted that the oil industry symbolises the sacrifice of ethical concepts of morality as the control of oil in the Middle East is seen as fundamental to the balance of power within the international framework. This is highlighted by the American unease with Prince Nasir giving a natural gas drilling rights contract to China. The three central stories that interweave throughout the film purposively depict three very different men operating over various continents to highlight the long term and immediate consequences of pursuing wealth and

Contracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Contracts - Essay Example Minors or persons with unsound mind lack the capacity to contract. Upon acceptance of the offer, the offeree must provide a specific compensation for the promise fulfilled, often referred to as a consideration. Additionally, agreements only amount to contracts when formed with a legal purpose and with the intent to create a legal obligation between the parties involved. For this reason agreements between family members, with the exception of commercial agreements do not create a valid contracts. Certainty of the subject matter is another essential requirement of a valid contract since contracts cannot be based on ambiguity or unclear subject matter. Finally, agreements forming contracts must be mutual, coercion or undue influence invalidates a contract. The parole evidence rule holds that when the contracting parties agree to record their content of their agreement in writing, they often intend that whatever is written down to be the only reliable source of reference to the agreement, which supersedes any other terms and conditions agreed to during the bargain but not written. The basis of the parole evidence rule is that what is reflected in writing should be taken as a true representation of the terms of the contract. The parole evidence rule bars any parole evidence presented in addition to the written evidence. Assignment of rights in contract refers to a situation where the beneficiary to a contractual agreement willfully relinquishes all the rights to receive the aforesaid benefits to a third party, not initially considered in the contractual agreement. For example, if J agrees to sell his house to W for $3000, and then J transfers his right under the contract to pay the $ 3000 to X, X becomes the assignee and the legal beneficiary to the contract. This does not however, give X authority to execute the terms of the contract. In this case, J will only have delegated his duty to receive the consideration of $ 3000 to

Personal relationships Essay Example for Free

Personal relationships Essay As human beings we all have similar interests however, Rosenbaum (1986b) proposed a repulsion interpretation for this well –established relationship. According to Rosenbaum, attitude similarity does not lead to liking, but attitude dis-similarity does indeed lead to repulsion. Attraction toward a person described by the individual’s personality alone differs when paired with a photograph or political affiliation. With the popularity of social networking and the internet it might be useful to research the subjects of physical attractiveness and similarity when the intimacy factor is absent. Although 94% of internet daters deny that their profile contains any fibs (Gibbs et al,. 2006), psychologists Toma et al. (2008) decided to measure the heights and weights of 80 internet daters, as well as checking their driving licences for real age. When this data was checked against their profiles, it was found at least nine out of ten had lied on at least one of the attributes measured. The most frequent anomaly was in regards to weight. Women tended to shave pounds off, while men gave themselves a boost in height. Even though the vast majority fibbed on their profile it was only by a small amount as most people want to meet up eventually. Toma and Hancock (2010) took photographs of the internet daters and compared them to their online profile pictures. Although less physically attractive people were the most likely to choose a self-enhancing photo, overall the differences were minimal towards the lab photo. Scholars say a certain amount of fibbing is socially even necessary to compete in the online dating world. By boosting one’s attributes, they can increase their chances of a relationship developing in the future. So this would point to the fact that we value goods looks not just in other people but also in ourselves. Opposites attract, well this is not the case when it comes to internet dating. Fiore and Donarth (2005) examined data from 65,000 online daters, the found that people were choosing based on similarities to themselves. That includes ethnicity and religion. Of all the data analysed 80% of the contacts initiated by white members were to other white members, and only 3% were made to black members. Online dating agencies have taken advantage of this fact by setting up dating websites to caterer to this for example JustChristian. com, or Afrointrodution. com. Although researching internet dating is a good way of examining interpersonal relationships, there is only limited data on how well it works. Most of the research is based on heterosexual daters therefore ignores the comparison with homosexual daters. Most people think of it in consumerist terms (Heino et al, . 2010) users are â€Å"Relation shopping†, looking at other people’s features weighing them up, then choosing potential partners, as though from a catalogue, its human relationships reduced to check boxes. Social psychological studies have not so much influenced our opinion on interpersonal attraction, but reinforced the reasons why we find people attractive for example; physical attraction, proximity, familiarity or reciprocal liking. Most of the research is potentially artificial focusing on forced social settings or attitude surveys. It can ignore ecological or cultural relationship criteria. What is prevalent though is the need to form relationships with other people maybe for romantic reasons or friendship. References 1. : Walster et al. 1966. (N/A). Matching hypothesis. Available http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/matching_hypothesis. Last accessed 28th Jan 2012. 2. Duck S. (1995). Repelling the study of attraction. The Psychologist, N/A (8), 60-63. 3. http://www.prenhall.com/divisions/hss/app/amberdigital/aronson/content/10.pdf. (accessed on 28/01/2013) 4. Arthur Aron, Jodie L Steele, Todd b Kashdan, Max Perez (2006)When similars do not attract: Test of a prediction from the self- expansion model, personal relationships 13, 387-39 5. P H Aronson Interpersonal attraction from first impressions to close relationships chapter 10 http://www.prenhall.com/divisions/hss/app/amberdigital/aronson/content/10.pdf 6. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/13/fashion/online-dating-as-scientific-research.html?pagewanted=all_r=0 7. http://www.spring.org.uk/2010/09/online-dating-10-psychological-insights.php

Design of a SCADA System

Design of a SCADA System 1. Introduction: The main purpose of this assignment is to design a simple SCADA system to monitor and provide supervisory control of a Bytronic Associates Industrial Control Trainer (ICT) through an Allen- Bradlley Micrologic 1000PLC using the Sistemi Winlog Pro software. From the design of PLC ladder logic program which was developed using RS-logic for the ICT, this assignment of the system will add a higher level of control through software and provide a beginning to the industrial SCADA systems. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA): SCADA is Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. In 1993, SCADA system was required to examine the site for the distribution systems and also for the electrical supply. There was a discussion on the SCADA system that which system would be more a suitable for the site. Almost for each and every packaged systems are combined with the complete SCADA system purchase which is different to the method of basic component as when it is used in single meters. As we are aware of placing both the meters into the switch gears at the substation and also in building switchgears. It is more effective estimated for the SCADA systems to examine the status of electrical power supply systems. In 1994 using the Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs)and a DOS based SCADA software package are utilized by the Utility department to start the installation for the SCADA systems. The energy management department is one of the departments in the Utility division required to collect the data from the building meters. The IDEs which provide a communication to the SCADA software as well as an analogue output signal (KW) that can be read by the building energy management system. In this building energy management system, it records the signal to track the electrical energy demand and Kilo Watt Hours (KWH). The SCADA software is a graphical package using a Window NT Operation System. This system is manufactured by the Power Measurement Ltd (PML) provides the programming required to include real AutoCad site map, a diagram and also to present the accurate time information on the header of the graphical conditions. Objects like switch status, all the power system parameters, alarms and so on. Additionally, this system also allow the facilities operations like utility system, bitmap to achieve the big pictures to set at the background, and also the channel down to the single line as required. SCADA system automatically generates an alarm and can also easily expandable as per the application required. The new systems can easily expandable and flexible to the use as IDEs meter are added. The following are the function that are utilized more and more as the SCADA system is expanded. Automatic reporting will be taken with the replacement of manual meter reading. They need to respond quickly when the real time alarms and data operators the information. The Utility Department can be practical in providing the customers about the quality information. The main benefits of using the SCADA software are Switching and Paralleling Operations: Verification of the physical change in the switch operator position was not accessible while using of remote SCADA applications Power Quality: As needed, generally after a result or upon query from building users the power quality reports are requested. Hospital and Medical School Emergency Services Status: From the Cogeneration Plant, Hospital Emergency Power Feeders are monitored to verify the accessibility of the services, on a continual basis. This prevents the remote possibility that the service is not available or available. Outage Record: Position incident analysis is essential to avoid reoccurrence of similar outages and power failures. Substation Security Fires and Door Alarms: Early on in the design of the SCADA application, it was determined that fire/smoke detectors were required in all substation switch gear rooms. This utility, along with the door alarm contacts, provides the system operators with the ability to respond immediately to these types of actions. 2. System Description: PLC Diagram Description: In PLC the programs are fabricated based upon the ‘gates simultaneously with the inputs, timers, counters, outputs, internal memory bits, analog inputs, comparators, analog output etc. Inputs: The physical connections that are connected to the PLC are switches, pushbuttons, sensors and anything which acts like a switch or signal to the state of ON and OFF position. The voltages that accept to some of the devices are 24V DC and some may not; it may vary. The switch when it is in ON state, then status of the device bit is ‘1 and when it goes to OFF state the status of the device bit is ‘0. Output: The result that appears from the input devices is the communication between the PLC and other terminals. They are used to control the solenoids, sensors, and connectors etc to on and off position. In the PLC, there are 8 sensors and 5 actuators were used. The result from each sensor response the actuators and other sensors to perform the task. These eight sensors has different task they are Sensor1: It detects the presence of peg in the upper sort area. Sensor2: It detects the components in front of the solenoid at the upper sort area of the ring chute. Sensor3: It detects the presence of ring in assembly area. Sensor4: It is used to commence assembling. Sensor5: It is used to terminate the assembling. Sensor6: It is used to detect the complete assemblies. Sensor7: It is used to detect the components at the lower sort area. Sensor8: It is used to detect the components and assemblies near the reject area solenoid. The purpose of 5 actuator which are used in PLC area are Actuator1: It drives the upper chain conveyor motor. Actuator2: It drives the lower chain conveyor motor. Actuator3: It knocks the ring in the ring chute. Actuator4: It releases the ring into the assembly area. Actuator5: It rejects the unassembled components. Relay: A relay is a switch which is operated on the electromagnetic. Counters: when a pre-assigned count value is reached, the digital counters are in the form of relay contact. Timers: Timer consists of internal clock, a count value register and an accumulator which is used to count the time. When peg and ring moves in the upper sort area, the peg moves into to the peg chute through the detection of the sensor1 and the ring moves into the ring chute through the actuator 3. And the actuator 4 is to allow the ring in to the space where the sensor 3 detects the ring for the assembling the ring into the peg in the lower sort area. The sensor 6 it to detect the complete assembled components. The actuator 4 has some delay time for allowing the ring in to assembling area. The sensor 8 is to detect the unassembled component and the actuator 5 is to reject the unassembled components. Sensor number Sensor type, location and function. PLC Input 1 Download-looking reflective IR sensor at the upper sort area. Detects the presence of a peg near to and in front of the solenoid at the top of the ring chute. I: 0/4 2 Sideways-looking reflective IR sensor at the upper sort area. Detects a component in front of the solenoid at the top of the ring chute. I: 0/1 3 Reflective IR sensor at the assembly area. Detects the presence of component at the very bottom of the ring chute beyond the rotary solenoid. I: 0/0 4 Black pushbutton. Used to commence assembling say. I: 0/18 5 Red pushbutton. Used to terminate assembling, say. I: 0/19 6 Capacitive sensor, near the lower sort area. Detects the presence of passing complete assembles near the reject solenoid at the motor end of the lower conveyor. I: 0/6 7 Reflective IR sensor at capacitive sensor near lower sort area I: 0/3 8 Reflective IR sensor at the lower sort area. Detects the presence of components and assemblies in front of the reject solenoid at the motor end of the lower conveyor. I: 0/2 9 Through-beam IR sensor, just after the assembly area. Detects components on the lower conveyor leaving the assembly area. I: 0/5 Actuator No. Actuator type, location and desired function PLC Output 1 Upper conveyor motor. Drives the upper toothed chain conveyor O: 0/3 2 Lower conveyor motor. Drives the lower plain belt conveyor. O: 0/4 3 Solenoid at upper sort area. Knocks rings into the ring chute. O:0/0 4 Rotary solenoid at the bottom of the ring chute before the assembly area. Releases rings into the assembly area. O: 0/1 5 Solenoid at the reject area. Rejects unassembled components before the complete assembly collection tray. O: 0/2 Using the winlog Pro software, the PLC system can be operated through the ladder program by shutting down the RSlogix and assigning the sensor input pins to the digital gates and actuator output pins to the digital gates. These functions are performed by four kinds of SCADA components: Sensors (either digital or analog) and control relays that directly interface with the managed system. Remote telemetry units (RTUs): These are small computerized units deployed in the field at specific sites and locations. RTUs serve as local collection points for gathering reports from sensors and delivering commands to control relays. SCADA master units: These are larger computer consoles that serve as the central processor for the SCADA system. Master units provide a human interface to the system and automatically regulate the managed system in response to sensor inputs. The communications network that connects the SCADA master unit to the RTUs in the field. 3. Requirements: The minimum requirements for the SCADA to perform and control the operation of PLC manually are By replacing the physical push buttons, providing start/stop to control the ICT from the SCADA. Display the state of all sensors and actuators using the digital gates displays such as LED or animations. Display the count of the number of rings in the chute at any time (this may also extend to the number of completed assembled and rejected components. Provide a means of resetting the ring count a value among 0 to 5 (in the event of malfunction). Create a template with a background bitmap that is either a schematic diagram of the ICT or the actual photograph of the kit. At least one alarm condition example when a component is rejected or the ring in the chute is more than four. Constraints: In the numerical gates of winlog pro, the LED components cannot be kept because these are used only for counting the rings in the chute and also for the rejecting the components in the chute. In the digital gates of winlog pro, the sensors, actuators, LED and switches are kept. It does not accept the counts. 4. SCADA System Design: The design of a simple control application based on the micrologix DF1 protocol, but the design of more complex systems can be solved using the SCADA. It is easy to understand and approach the winlog Pro software and also to communicate the other devices. For every new application, the system has to know the external devices, addresses and communication protocol to communicate from one device to the other devices. In PLC, the program runs between the one of two states for every second in order to maintain the count. According to the SCADA, for each state the LED will be shown and also for the count will be shown. The PLC program will be started and stopped by using the switch on SCADA. For creating the variables database devices in the gates of Winlog Pro software, we have to consider the numeric, digital and event alarms according to our applications. Numeric gates consists of all the variables that refers to the analogue quantity like counts, set points and so on that can expressed in the form of a bytes, a word, a double word, an integer or by a floating point variable. In this application, the numeric gates are used for the counting, rejecting components, complete counts and also for resetting of both complete and reject counts. Digital gates consists of all the variables that refers to the digital status like alarm conditions, sensors, actuators, configuration option and so on. It can be expressed by a single bit. In this application, the digital gates are used for the input sensors, output actuators and for solenoids and also for switches and pushbuttons. Event/alarm is also used in this application for the purpose of showing the rings in the chute if the rings in the chute are more than four. This configuration is used for the intention of activating the solenoid. The following table shows, the numeric variables configurations are made according to the applications are; Continuation with the table The following table shows, the digital variables configurations are made according to the applications are; The following table shows the event/alarm gates configuration are made according to the applications. And this gate cannot read from the devices but the status will be displayed while at runtime. This gate is provided for the attention of the ring in the chute if the ring in the chute is more than four and we also can create more alarms using this gate configuration. After creating of the gates configurations, we must save it and create the new templates in order to get all the gates for the application and these gates are used for each and every achievement to perform the operation on the particular gates configuration. After adding all the gates, insert all the active label objects like LED, switch and so on and also include the gate to each label to perform the operation when the gate is used in the ladder program. After completion of adding all the gates, label, chart and bitmap, save the complete configurations. And execute the program. After the completion of the template design, we must assign the simple code using the name as â€Å"Main† in the Winlog Pro code. It is used only for the function that will open for the main template at the application startup. The following figure shows the final template design thats required for the applications are; The above figure represents the complete design of template after arranging all the gates and chart and bitmap. 5. Testing: After the creation of the templates and Winlog Pro code in the software, close the Winlog Pro and run the RSLogix 500 to create the program and download the Micrologix 1000 ladder program listed in the section. After downloading, go to the Run mode and shutdown the RSLogix 500 and also RSLogix service. Restart the Winlog Pro software, to run the project in project manager and select Execute from project menu. Then after executing the project, it will moves in run mode to start the project according to the application requirements. Winlog Pro samples variables from devices and processes the results in graphical representations. When the project that where done by the users to startup then it automatically achieves the main templates. By clicking the switch object label, we can start and stop the execution of the program. When the program is in running mode, we can see the number of rings that the actuator 3 pushes into the chute and the peg that enter into the peg chute by the detection of the sensor 1 And if the ring in the chute is more than four then the alarms will be in active (blowing condition) mode that informs the ring cant allow into the ring chute more. The count display the number of ring in the ring chute and edit box is to editing the value that enter in it. By clicking the toggle switch, we can reset both the completed assembles and rejecting components. We can select the chart to show the graphical representation of the counts and digital like pushbutton and switches. The chart also displays the group of variables that we want to display. The below figure displays the switch button is in ON condition and the counting of ring in chute is 5. If the ring count is more than four in the chute then the alarm blows. And resetting all the completed assembles and rejected assembles. The chart 1 describes the switch buttons (black color) and pushbuttons (blue color) when it is in ON condition. The chart 2 describes the count of the rings in the chute (green color), completed assembled components (lite blue color) and rejected components (red color). The below figure shows the counting of rings in the chute (green color), completed assembled components (lite blue color) and rejecting the components (red color) when the switch button is in ON condition. 6. Discussion: Utility System Operators need to be able to continue to remotely and instantaneously, identify electrical Power System Failures at any location in the distribution system. Accurate real time alarming and historical information is needed to continually meet the needs of a diverse community of energy users. A continuation of the demands for high reliability and accurate performance and trending data is paramount is the long term benefits of the SCADA systems. Approaching the SCADA system design for an application is the first time and in particular Winlog Pro software, it can be easily to communicate with other devices using the RS-232 9pin connector. Winlog Pro software can accessible easily and understand quickly to the external devices. For different applications, the design of the system for each device should be addressable and the list of all the variables can read or write to the devices. And for the applications the gates configuration should be addressable. Depending on the ladder program the address should be made and we can design different templates. Without any restrictions of all the winlog pro licenses software, it can provide the functions, development tools and communication protocol. The software toolbox acknowledges the continuous efforts of sielco sistemi to make the winlog pro more competitive and attractive. This powerful, low cost and easy to use SCADA software is indeed collecting increasing agreement among Italian and international users. Winlog Pro is simple, flexible and more economical in real time applications. It provides the differ tool like gates builders, templates, code builders. It allows the drivers to interface and communicate with all the electronic devices like PLCs, I/O modules and so on. Conclusion: Using the Winlog Pro software, the results that are required for the project are achieved. Using this software, we are assigning all the object labels to the gates configuration. The counts the numbers of rings are assigned to the numeric gate and the digital gates like LED, sensors and actuators and solenoids are assigned to this gate. For each and every gate the address will be allocated. The ladder program that where written in RSlogic 500 should be downloaded and switch it to run mode. Close the RSlogic and execute the project that was done in winlog Pro software project manager. Thus, the program and the logic were tested and the results are achieved successfully without any error. References: Referred notes by J.G.Pierce. http://www.sielcosistemi.com/en/products/winlog_scada_hmi/

Essay example --

Digital library refers to an electronic library in which collections are stored in electronic media formats as opposed print, microform, or other media and accessible via computers. One of the biggest areas for hardware and software development outside the traditional ILS, digital content management for libraries present itself as the newest moving target in library automation. Sometimes as simple as scanning a document for electronic course reverse, or as complex as state-of-the-art digital management, access, and preservations, the digital library movement is probably the most perplexing and promising development for libraries since library automation began almost seven decades ago. Though this subject is worthy of its own textbook , but its ironically, the paper library on digital libraries is a growing one. The more humble the aim of this work is to put digital libraries in the context of library-vendor and library-dot-com relationships. The aggregation of materials in a digital library can be greater than the sum of its parts. Digital libraries can assists, amplify, and to some...

Sanctity of Life Essay -- Science Biology

Sanctity of Human Life Does a person have the right to kill another human life, at any stage of development? A city council debates over whether to sacrifice Bill, a man with no earthly attachments, to save five members of society. Two parents face the choice of using an embryonic stem cell treatment to reverse their son’s paralysis, or leave him paralyzed from the neck down. The mother wishes to employ the treatment while the stepfather is against the treatment because it kills an embryo. In both situations, sanctity of life compels one not to sacrifice an innocent human life, potential or existing, to improve the well-being of another. An embryo is potential human life; therefore, one cannot sacrifice it. Potential human life is present at the point of conception, when the egg and sperm join. Only nine months separate this embryo from being a developed human. Letting an embryo die to increase the well-being of the young man disregards the sanctity of human life. The young man still has potential; he is not dead. The embryo personifies the rawest potential in human life. Both are human lives that have inviolable potential. Kant’s categorical imperative is applicable here. The embryo is an end, not a means. It should be valued for its very existence; it is a significant life with equal standing alongside other lives. A universal law is moral only if applied to all persons. If one believes all should be honest, then he or she must be honest or that law is not universal. Universal application of the sanctity of life deems sacrificing one to save another as immoral, for then one is making an exception to that law . Thus, no form of human life is worthy of sacrifice. In the organ-harvesting dilemma, the sanctity of life prevents... ...at endangers others. Works Cited Weston, Anthony. A 21st Century Ethical Tool Box. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford, 2008. Print. Pgs.127-144 Anthony Weston has taught ethics for 25 years and currently is a professor of ethics at Elon University. He has written numerous books regarding ethics and the employment of them. This book is a guide discovering ethics, their morality, and application. He utilizes vivid excerpts from renowned authors and philosophers to impart information effectively. While reading this book, one discovers new concepts about the world around one and oneself. Weston credits collaborative professors of similar studies, with helping produce this book in the beginning of the text. Information taken from Weston’s book was crucial for understanding ethics, especially the excerpt from Kant’s Grounding for the Metaphysics Morals.

Theory of Absolute Advantage

â€Å"If a foreign country can supply us with a commodity cheaper than we ourselves can make it, [we had] better buy it of them with some part of our own industry, employed in a way in which we have some advantage.†-Adam Smith (WN, IV.ii.12)This means that a nation produces and exports those commodities which it can produce more cheaply than other nations, and imports those which it cannot. A nation will not produce a good that is produced more expensively at home than abroad –be it â€Å"a thirtieth, or even a three hundredth part more† (WN, IV.ii.15) In economics, absolute advantage refers to the ability of a party (an individual, or firm, or country) to produce more of a good or service than competitors, using the same amount of resources.Adam Smith first described the principle of absolute advantage in the context of international trade, using labor as the only input. Since absolute advantage is determined by a simple comparison of labor productivities, it is possible for a party to have no absolute advantage in anything; in that case, according to the theory of absolute advantage, no trade will occur with the other party. It can be contrasted with the concept of comparative advantage which refers to the ability to produce a particular good at a lower opportunity cost.Origin of the theoryDuring the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the dominant economic philosophy was mercantilism, which advocated severe restrictions on import and aggressive efforts to increase export. The resulting export surplus was supposed to enrich the nation through the inflow of precious metals. Adam Smith (1776), who regarded as the father of modern economics, countered mercantilist ideas in his famous book, The Wealth of Nations, by developing the concept of absolute advantage.He argued that it was impossible for all nations to become rich simultaneously by following mercantilist prescriptions because the export of one nation is another nation’s impor t. However, all nations would gain simultaneously if they practiced free trade and specialized in accordance with their absolute advantage. This international specialization of factors in production would produce increase  in world output. The theory of absolute advantage itself is normally presented with an example of two countries and two commodities (2Ãâ€"2 model). Each nation can produce one good with less expenditure of human labor than the other and thus more cheaply. As a result, each nation has an absolute advantage in the production of one good. ExampleConsider the table below, which shows that Nation A has an absolute advantage over Nation B in terms of producing sugar, while Nation B has an absolute advantage over Nation A in producing rice. If Nation A will concentrate in the production of sugar and Nation B will focus on the production of rice, the combined production of rice and sugar of both countries would be greater, and these two countries would share in this in crease from exchange, and both will benefit from the higher output of both commodities.If both nations start trading with each other, each nation will specialize in the production of the good it has an absolute advantage in and obtain the other commodity through international trade. More units of both commodities can be produced overall because the given resources are utilized more efficiently. Through trade, both nations are able to consume more units of at least one commodity. In our example above, Nation A would specialize completely in sugar and Nation B in rice.There are no further gains from international trade beside this one-off increase in the overall production and thus consumption. Nothing more happens. Though Smith successfully established the case for free trade, he did not develop the concept of  comparative advantage. Because absolute advantage is determined by a simple comparison of labor productivities, it is possible for a nation to have absolute advantage in not hing. Smith stressed the importance of division of laborSmith’s thoughts on the division of labor constitute the basis for his theory. For him, it is the division of labor that leads to â€Å"the greatest improvement in the productive powers of labor† (WN, I.i.1). As a result of a more advanced division of labor, more output can be produced with the same amount of labor. The division of labor leads to quantitative and qualitative production improvements. This means that output is increased, technological development is stimulated, and workers’ skills and productivity are enhanced. As a result, economic growth is promoted and national wealth increases. This can be summarized as â€Å"the more specialization, the more growth† (Staley 1989, 43)Criticisms on Smith’s theorySubsequent economists did not pay attention to Smith’s theory of absolute advantage. In general, it is not seen as relevant because of the predominance of the theory of compara tive advantage, which â€Å"has been the bedrock on which all subsequent developments in the theory of international trade have rested† (Maneschi 1998, 10). As a result, Smith’s theory was barely noticed and not developed any further. Nonetheless, many of today’s textbooks deal briefly with the theory of absolute advantage, which is ascribed to Smith. They portray Smith’s theory as â€Å"a stepping-stone to a more sophisticated theory† (Staley 1989, 52), namely the theory of comparative advantage that is attributed to David Ricardo.The presentation of Smith’s international trade theory in textbooks is essentially standardized and does not vary significantly. Textbooks emphasize that the theory of absolute advantage â€Å"can explain only a small part of world trade† (Salvatore 2011, 37). Thus, it is seen as a special case of the theory of comparative advantage and both theories are seen as complementary (Dieckheuer 2001, 50). Smith is often criticized for not being able to come up with the more sophisticated theory of comparative advantage (Zhang 2008, 3). In comparison to Ricardo, Smith is described as a â€Å"poor trade theorist† and his theory as a â€Å"naà ¯ve theory† (Mehmet, 1999, 47).

Harlem Analysis Essay

Langston Hughes short poem, â€Å"Harlem,† seeks to understand what happens to a dream when it is put on hold. Hughes uses vivid imagery and similes to make an effort to describe what the consequences are to a dream that is lost. He attempts to bring to the attention the life of a Negro and how so many dreams are put off to the side because of prejudice against African Americans. The tone, imagery, and diction of Langston Hughes poem, â€Å"Harlem,† will be discussed in this paper. â€Å"Harlem† was written in 1951, which was around the time where prejudice against African Americans was still present (Cummings). Earlier, the civil war â€Å"had liberated them from slavery, and federal laws had granted them the right to vote, the right to own property, and so on† (Cummings). Although these civil rights were given to African Americans, prejudice continued to be a problem in society. They were put into poorly run segregated schools, given unskilled jobs, and were not allowed to use the same â€Å"public facilities† as white people (Cummings). This background information helps define the tone of the poem. The feeling of anger and frustration are conveyed through Hughes poem. Hughes was frustrated with the fact that their skin color was holding them back from pursuing their dreams. He asks a series of rhetorical questions to build up to the last line â€Å"Or does it explode? † (Hughes 691). This line sets the overall tone of the poem by describing the build up of the anger the blacks had toward the white oppression. Hughes final message of the poem is that this resentment they have held inside for so long will soon explode causing both political and social damage. The use of imagery is prevalent throughout this poem. Hughes begins the poem by asking, â€Å"What happens to a dream deferred? † (690). From there he uses vivid imagery in the form of similes to paint a picture of someone’s dream that is wasting away. The images he uses touch on all five senses: sight, touch, smell, taste, and hearing. In the first two lines he uses the sense of taste by comparing a deferred dream to a raisin drying up in the sun. The original dream is a fresh, sweet grape but when it is put off to the side it dries up and turns into a black raisin. In lines four and five Hughes uses the sense of touch by comparing a dream to a sore by stating â€Å"Or fester like a sore/ and then run? † (609). A sore on our body is apart of us, just like an unfulfilled dream. An untreated sore will eventually become infected, just like a deferred dream will become more intense over time. The next line uses the sense of smell to describe a dream by comparing it to a â€Å"stink of rotten meat† (Hughes 690). Hughes is trying to convey that a dream that is put off will become less appealing. Lines seven and eight compare a dream to the sense of taste by stating, â€Å"Or crust and sugar over/ like a syrupy sweet? † (Hughes 690). This simile is describing that over time this dream will be â€Å"crusted† over and forgotten about. This last question then transitions into the only statement in the poem, â€Å"Maybe it just sags/ like a heavy load. † (Hughes 691). This statement is describing the heavy burden that is put on the dreamer. It creates an image of defeat. The final question uses the sense of hearing by saying â€Å"Or does it explode? (Hughes 690). This line describes that if this dream continues to be put off, it will eventually explode and chaos will spread. These images help establish the situation and setting of the poem. The oppression of African American’s dreams will ultimately cause an â€Å"explosion† of resentment and hate toward the white race. The diction of the poem seems to be very straightforward. Hughes chose his words very carefully to have a meaning that must be interpreted by the reader. In line four, Hughes chose the word â€Å"fester† to represent the anger and resentment that had been building up inside African Americans from being treated unequally. The word â€Å"explode† is used to represent the violence and chaos that will be the result of the festering anger that’s building up. The word â€Å"rotten† also has significance towards it. If you put something aside and leave it there for a long period of time, especially meat, it will become rotten. Hughes is trying to convey that putting dreams to the side will cause them to become â€Å"rotten† and forgotten about. Hughes uses the word â€Å"crust† to describe the dream being set aside for too long causing it to â€Å"crust and sugar over† making it no longer usable (690). Just like syrup that is set out for too long causing it to harden and become no longer usable. Hughes uses the term â€Å"heavy load† to describe the burden society put on African Americans by holding them back from pursuing their dreams. They must live with the â€Å"what if† weighing them down like a heavy load. Hughes use of diction is chosen very carefully to depict the anger of African Americans for having to hold back their dreams and goals because of their race. Langston Hughes uses tone, imagery, and diction to convey the deferred dreams and white oppression of African Americans. Racial prejudice caused many African Americans to lose sight of their dreams. Although they were granted their civil rights at this time period, racial discrimination was still prevalent in society and prevented them from pursuing their dreams. Hughes tries to bring to the attention the consequences of the built up resentment and thrown away dreams of African Americans to the reader in his short poem, â€Å"Harlem. †

A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen

The play â€Å"A doll’s house† is written by Henrik Ibsen and was adapted into a film in 1973. It deals with gender discrimination in the Victorian age. It highlights specifically the paths women of the West have treaded to find respect and equality. Ibsen makes it possible to imagine the barbarities that existed within the law and society of those times. Through the years, controversial writings like these, have intentionally or unintentionally forced women to rise up and reclaim their rightful legal and civil rights. In the Victorian Period law dictated that property; children and income belonged solely to men. Divorce or Separation was unthinkable. Women who worked were frowned upon by society. Their status was equivalent to the slaves, criminals or the insane. The main role of a woman was to reproduce children, keep the house clean, and feed the children while their husbands worked. It is sad that although women in the developed world have found equal rights in this century through various equal rights acts and amendments however the women of the developing world still lack basic rights and struggle everyday between gender power relationships. The entire film takes place at Mr. and Mrs. Torvald Helmer’s Apartment. The film is set in Norway in the late 1800’s during Christmas time. This one room shows various shades of hypocrisy, discrimination, arrogance and dishonesty exhibited by society. The room is a microscopic vision of the world. It shows the plight and suffering of every woman in every household all around the world. The fact that Nora does not leave the room throughout the film shows how she is entrapped in this Victorian Doll House. The protagonist of the film is Nora, a Victorian middle class woman. She is ruled by her husband and complete oblivious to her state of unfulfillment. She is thrown into a difficult situation and to protect her husband and family commits forgery. Unaware of the legal consequences she tries dishonestly to obtain a loan. She sits on a puffy pink cloud thinking that her special status would always protect her and her kids in the eye of the state. However, the law expects her to know better. The hypocrisy of the system hits Nora and she tries to break out of her Victorian Doll like shell. She desires a life less frivolous, so she decides to work independently and earn money. She starts enjoying this new found freedom. Her relationship with her husband also spirals downwards and sows the seed of doubt and self reflection. Ibsen broke boundaries when he ended the original play with Nora rebelling against her husband, her father and ultimately the patriarchal society. However, the controversial ending caused shock and disagreement and forced him to change the ending. He later on lived to regret the change. The theme of the play made audiences agree that women should get equal pay for equal work; equal rights to enjoy an independent self sufficient life; rights to child custody and divorce; equal stature in legal matters; Equal access to knowledge. It is unfortunate that Victorian times were so suffocating that Nora had to leave her husband or she would continue to be treated as nothing more than a mere rag doll. She was just an inanimate object, dispensable by others and deserved no respect, rights or esteem. Works Cited Page: Johnston, Ian. (July 2000). On Ibsen's A Doll's House. Johnstonia. Retrieved April 3rd 200. http://www.mala.bc.ca/~johnstoi/introser/ibsen.htm Gillis, G. J. and Westhagen, Jen. SparkNote on A Doll’s House. 2 Apr. 2007 .          A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen The play â€Å"A doll’s house† is written by Henrik Ibsen and was adapted into a film in 1973. It deals with gender discrimination in the Victorian age. It highlights specifically the paths women of the West have treaded to find respect and equality. Ibsen makes it possible to imagine the barbarities that existed within the law and society of those times. Through the years, controversial writings like these, have intentionally or unintentionally forced women to rise up and reclaim their rightful legal and civil rights. In the Victorian Period law dictated that property; children and income belonged solely to men. Divorce or Separation was unthinkable. Women who worked were frowned upon by society. Their status was equivalent to the slaves, criminals or the insane. The main role of a woman was to reproduce children, keep the house clean, and feed the children while their husbands worked. It is sad that although women in the developed world have found equal rights in this century through various equal rights acts and amendments however the women of the developing world still lack basic rights and struggle everyday between gender power relationships. The entire film takes place at Mr. and Mrs. Torvald Helmer’s Apartment. The film is set in Norway in the late 1800’s during Christmas time. This one room shows various shades of hypocrisy, discrimination, arrogance and dishonesty exhibited by society. The room is a microscopic vision of the world. It shows the plight and suffering of every woman in every household all around the world. The fact that Nora does not leave the room throughout the film shows how she is entrapped in this Victorian Doll House. The protagonist of the film is Nora, a Victorian middle class woman. She is ruled by her husband and complete oblivious to her state of unfulfillment. She is thrown into a difficult situation and to protect her husband and family commits forgery. Unaware of the legal consequences she tries dishonestly to obtain a loan. She sits on a puffy pink cloud thinking that her special status would always protect her and her kids in the eye of the state. However, the law expects her to know better. The hypocrisy of the system hits Nora and she tries to break out of her Victorian Doll like shell. She desires a life less frivolous, so she decides to work independently and earn money. She starts enjoying this new found freedom. Her relationship with her husband also spirals downwards and sows the seed of doubt and self reflection. Ibsen broke boundaries when he ended the original play with Nora rebelling against her husband, her father and ultimately the patriarchal society. However, the controversial ending caused shock and disagreement and forced him to change the ending. He later on lived to regret the change. The theme of the play made audiences agree that women should get equal pay for equal work; equal rights to enjoy an independent self sufficient life; rights to child custody and divorce; equal stature in legal matters; Equal access to knowledge. It is unfortunate that Victorian times were so suffocating that Nora had to leave her husband or she would continue to be treated as nothing more than a mere rag doll. She was just an inanimate object, dispensable by others and deserved no respect, rights or esteem. Works Cited Page: Johnston, Ian. (July 2000). On Ibsen's A Doll's House. Johnstonia. Retrieved April 3rd 200. http://www.mala.bc.ca/~johnstoi/introser/ibsen.htm Gillis, G. J. and Westhagen, Jen. SparkNote on A Doll’s House. 2 Apr. 2007 .